NCERT Solution class 9 Health and Physical Education Chapter – 1 Health and Diseases

NCERT Solution class 9 Health and Physical Education Chapter – 1 Health and Diseases

Q. 1. How can we prevent indirect transmission of communicable diseases?

Answer:-

To prevent the indirect transmission of communicable diseases, the following measures can be taken:

1. Maintaining Hygiene

• Regular handwashing with soap and water, especially before eating and after using the restroom.
• Proper disposal of waste and avoiding contact with contaminated surfaces.

2. Safe Food and Water Practices

• Consuming clean, properly cooked food and purified water.
• Avoiding uncovered or stale food that may contain disease-causing pathogens.

3. Vector Control

• Preventing mosquito breeding by not allowing stagnant water to accumulate.
• Using insect repellents and mosquito nets to reduce exposure to disease-carrying insects.

4. Proper Sanitation

• Ensuring clean surroundings and proper sewage disposal.
• Avoiding open defecation and maintaining clean toilets.

5. Disinfection and Sterilization

• Regular cleaning and disinfecting of frequently touched surfaces.
• Using sanitized medical equipment and ensuring sterilization in hospitals.

6. Vaccination and Immunization

• Getting vaccinated against common communicable diseases.
• Encouraging immunization programs for vulnerable populations.

7. Avoiding Contact with Contaminated Objects

• Not sharing personal items such as towels, utensils, and razors.
• Properly handling and disposing of used tissues and medical waste.

These measures help in reducing the spread of pathogens and protect individuals from indirect transmission of communicable diseases.

Q. 2. What steps are required at the individual and society level to prevent communicable diseases?

Answer:-

To prevent communicable diseases, actions must be taken at both the individual and society levels. Here’s a structured breakdown:

Individual Level Measures

1. Personal Hygiene
   • Regular handwashing with soap and water.
   • Covering mouth and nose while sneezing or coughing.
   • Proper disposal of used tissues and waste.
2. Healthy Lifestyle
   • Eating a balanced diet to strengthen immunity.
   • Exercising regularly and getting adequate sleep.
   • Avoiding tobacco, alcohol, and other harmful substances.
3. Vaccination and Medical Care
   • Timely immunization against common diseases.
   • Seeking medical treatment for infections promptly.
   • Avoiding self-medication and following doctor’s advice.
4. Safe Practices
   • Avoiding direct contact with infected individuals.
   • Not sharing personal items like towels and utensils.
   • Using masks and protective equipment when necessary.

Society Level Measures

1. Public Health Infrastructure
   • Ensuring access to clean drinking water and sanitation.
   • Proper waste disposal and sewage treatment.
   • Implementing disease surveillance programs.
2. Community Awareness
   • Conducting health education programs.
   • Promoting vaccination campaigns.
   • Encouraging healthy practices through media and public initiatives.
3. Vector Control
   • Preventing mosquito breeding by eliminating stagnant water.
   • Using insecticides and fumigation to reduce disease-carrying vectors.
   • Encouraging environmental cleanliness.
4. Government Policies and Regulations
   • Enforcing hygiene and sanitation laws.
   • Providing free or subsidized healthcare for vulnerable populations.
   • Organizing emergency responses during epidemics.

By taking coordinated action at both levels, the spread of communicable diseases can be effectively minimized, ensuring a healthier society.

Q. 3. List major risk factors for non-communicable diseases.

Answer:-

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are caused by a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. The major risk factors include:

1. Behavioral Risk Factors

• Unhealthy Diet: Excessive consumption of processed foods, fats, sugars, and salt increases the risk of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases.
• Physical Inactivity: Lack of regular exercise can lead to obesity, weak immunity, and metabolic disorders.
• Tobacco Use: Smoking and chewing tobacco contribute to lung diseases, cancer, and cardiovascular problems.
• Excessive Alcohol Consumption: Increases the risk of liver diseases, cancers, and hypertension.

2. Biological Risk Factors

• High Blood Pressure (Hypertension): Major contributor to heart diseases and strokes.
• High Blood Sugar Levels (Diabetes): Can lead to kidney failure, blindness, and heart diseases.
• High Cholesterol: Increases the likelihood of heart attacks and strokes.
• Overweight and Obesity: Raises the risk of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and joint problems.

3. Environmental Risk Factors

• Air Pollution: Prolonged exposure to pollutants can cause respiratory diseases like asthma and lung cancer.
• Unsafe Drinking Water: Contaminated water can lead to chronic conditions and infections.
• Chemical Exposure: Contact with harmful chemicals may contribute to cancers and endocrine disorders.

4. Genetic and Age-Related Factors

• Family History: Genetic predisposition increases susceptibility to NCDs like diabetes and heart diseases.
• Aging: As people grow older, they become more vulnerable to chronic conditions.

Preventing NCDs requires adopting a healthy lifestyle, avoiding harmful habits, and promoting regular health checkups to manage risk factors effectively.

Q. 4. Why are young people suffering from heart diseases now-a-days? Give reasons. Can you suggest some ways to prevent these?

Answer:-

Young people are increasingly suffering from heart diseases due to various lifestyle and environmental factors. Here are the key reasons:

Reasons for Increased Heart Diseases in Young People

1. Unhealthy Diet
   • High consumption of processed foods, fast food, and sugary beverages leads to obesity, diabetes, and high cholesterol.
   • Low intake of fiber-rich and heart-healthy foods like fruits, vegetables, and whole grains affects heart health.
2. Sedentary Lifestyle
   • Lack of regular physical activity increases the risk of obesity and weakens cardiovascular function.
   • Excessive screen time and reduced outdoor activities contribute to poor heart health.
3. Stress and Mental Health Issues
   • High academic or work-related stress leads to increased blood pressure and hormonal imbalances.
   • Anxiety and depression may lead to unhealthy coping mechanisms like smoking or excessive alcohol consumption.
4. Smoking and Substance Abuse
   • Tobacco and alcohol consumption directly damage blood vessels and increase the risk of heart attacks.
   • Drug abuse weakens overall body function and affects cardiac health.
5. Lack of Sleep
   • Poor sleep patterns disrupt the body’s ability to regulate blood pressure and metabolism, increasing heart disease risk.
   • Late-night habits like excessive gadget use affect the body’s natural recovery process.
6. Genetic Predisposition
   • Family history of heart diseases can increase the risk among young individuals.
   • However, lifestyle changes can help in minimizing the effects of genetic risk factors.

Ways to Prevent Heart Diseases in Young People

1. Adopting a Healthy Diet
   • Consume more whole grains, leafy greens, nuts, and lean proteins.
   • Limit fast food, sugary drinks, and excessive salt intake.
2. Engaging in Regular Physical Activity
   • Exercise at least 30 minutes daily, including walking, jogging, or strength training.
   • Reduce long hours of inactivity, especially screen time.
3. Managing Stress Effectively
   • Practice mindfulness, meditation, and relaxation techniques.
   • Develop hobbies, engage in social interactions, and maintain a healthy work-life balance.
4. Avoiding Harmful Habits
   • Quit smoking and limit alcohol consumption.
   • Stay away from drugs and other substances that harm cardiovascular health.
5. Ensuring Proper Sleep
   • Maintain a consistent sleep schedule of 7-8 hours per night.
   • Avoid screens before bedtime and create a relaxing environment for sleep.
6. Regular Health Check-ups
   • Get routine heart screenings and monitor cholesterol and blood pressure levels.
   • Consult a doctor if experiencing symptoms like chest pain, breathlessness, or irregular heartbeat.

Implementing these preventive measures can significantly reduce the risk of heart diseases among young people, ensuring a healthier future.

Q. 5. The obesity among children and adolescents is becoming a major cause of concern for the parents and health personnel. What can be done to prevent overweight and obesity?

Answer:-

Obesity among children and adolescents is a growing health concern that can lead to various long-term complications. To prevent overweight and obesity, the following steps can be taken:

1. Healthy Eating Habits

• Encourage a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and proteins.
• Limit consumption of junk food, sugary drinks, and processed snacks that contribute to weight gain.
• Promote portion control and mindful eating to avoid overeating.
• Ensure proper hydration by drinking enough water instead of sugary beverages.

2. Regular Physical Activity

• Encourage outdoor activities like cycling, swimming, running, and playing sports.
• Reduce screen time spent on video games, television, and mobile devices.
• Introduce strength-building exercises and flexibility workouts to maintain fitness.
• Make physical activity fun by engaging in family fitness routines or group exercises.

3. Establishing a Healthy Lifestyle

• Maintain a consistent sleep schedule to regulate metabolism and hormonal balance.
• Educate children about the importance of healthy choices and avoiding sedentary behaviors.
• Reduce stress by promoting mental well-being through relaxation techniques and hobbies.
• Foster a supportive environment where children feel encouraged to maintain a healthy lifestyle.

4. Awareness and Parental Guidance

• Parents and guardians should set good examples by adopting healthy habits themselves.
• Schools should conduct awareness programs on nutrition and fitness.
• Healthcare professionals should provide guidance on maintaining a healthy weight.
• Communities should work on improving access to fresh and nutritious food.

By implementing these strategies, obesity among children and adolescents can be significantly reduced, ensuring long-term well-being and a healthier future.

Q. 6. Why are adolescents more vulnerable to HIV infection? Give reasons.

Answer:-

Adolescents are more vulnerable to HIV infection due to several biological, behavioral, and social factors. Here are the key reasons:

1. Lack of Awareness and Education

• Many adolescents have limited knowledge about HIV/AIDS, its transmission, and prevention methods.
• Misconceptions and stigma surrounding HIV often lead to risky behaviors.

2. High-Risk Behaviors

• Some adolescents may engage in unsafe practices such as unprotected sexual activity, increasing the risk of HIV transmission.
• Drug abuse, especially injecting drugs with shared needles, can expose individuals to HIV.

3. Biological Susceptibility

• Adolescents have developing immune systems, making them more vulnerable to infections.
• Girls, in particular, face a higher risk due to physiological factors that make transmission easier during sexual contact.

4. Peer Pressure and Social Influences

• The desire to fit in or explore new experiences may lead to engaging in unsafe sexual practices or substance abuse.
• Exposure to environments where HIV risk factors are prevalent can increase susceptibility.

5. Limited Access to Healthcare and Testing

• Many adolescents may hesitate to seek medical advice due to fear, stigma, or lack of resources.
• Delayed diagnosis and treatment can worsen the impact of HIV.

6. Poverty and Vulnerability

• Economic instability can lead to involvement in unsafe situations, such as transactional or forced sexual activities.
• Lack of proper healthcare services in economically weaker sections may increase the risk.

7. Gender Inequality and Exploitation

• Adolescent girls may be more vulnerable due to forced marriages, sexual violence, and unequal access to education.
• Lack of empowerment leads to reduced control over personal health decisions.

Preventive Measures

• Comprehensive Sex Education: Spreading awareness about safe practices and HIV prevention.
• Regular Health Check-ups: Encouraging adolescents to undergo HIV testing.
• Safe Behavioral Practices: Avoiding drug abuse and practicing safe interactions.
• Government and Community Initiatives: Strengthening healthcare support for adolescents.

By addressing these risk factors, we can significantly reduce HIV infections among adolescents and ensure better health outcomes.

Q. 7. List some ways in which you can manage your anxiety and stress.

Answer:-

Managing anxiety and stress requires adopting healthy coping strategies. Here are some effective methods:

1. Physical Activities

• Engage in regular exercise like jogging, yoga, or strength training.
• Practice deep breathing exercises and relaxation techniques.
• Ensure adequate sleep to regulate mood and energy levels.

2. Mindfulness and Meditation

• Practice meditation to improve focus and emotional balance.
• Use guided relaxation techniques to calm your mind.
• Maintain a positive mindset through gratitude and self-reflection.

3. Healthy Lifestyle Choices

• Follow a nutritious diet rich in vitamins and minerals.
• Limit caffeine and sugar intake to avoid mood fluctuations.
• Stay hydrated and avoid unhealthy habits like smoking and excessive alcohol.

4. Organized Routine

• Prioritize tasks and create a structured daily plan.
• Avoid procrastination by breaking tasks into manageable steps.
• Take short breaks to refresh your mind and prevent burnout.

5. Social Support

• Talk to friends, family, or a counselor for emotional support.
• Participate in hobbies or activities that bring joy.
• Engage in community or volunteer work to stay connected.

6. Positive Distractions

• Listen to music, read books, or watch uplifting content.
• Explore creative outlets like painting, writing, or playing an instrument.
• Spend time in nature to promote mental relaxation.

7. Avoiding Stressors

• Identify and reduce exposure to stressful triggers.
• Set realistic goals and avoid excessive pressure.
• Maintain healthy boundaries in relationships and commitments.

By integrating these strategies, stress and anxiety can be effectively managed, leading to improved mental and physical well-being.

Q. 8. Why do you need to make exercises an integral part of your life style? How can you do it?

Answer:-

Regular exercise is essential for maintaining physical, mental, and emotional well-being. Making exercise an integral part of your lifestyle helps in the following ways:

Importance of Exercise in Daily Life

1. Improves Physical Health
   • Strengthens muscles and bones, reducing the risk of injuries.
   • Enhances cardiovascular health by regulating blood pressure and cholesterol levels.
   • Helps in weight management and prevents obesity-related diseases.
2. Boosts Mental Health
   • Reduces stress, anxiety, and depression by releasing endorphins (feel-good hormones).
   • Improves focus, memory, and cognitive function.
   • Enhances sleep quality, ensuring better rest and recovery.
3. Increases Energy Levels
   • Improves blood circulation, delivering oxygen and nutrients efficiently.
   • Boosts stamina and endurance, making daily activities easier.
4. Strengthens Immunity
   • Helps the body fight infections and reduces the risk of chronic diseases.
   • Enhances metabolic rate, promoting overall health and longevity.

How to Make Exercise an Integral Part of Your Lifestyle

1. Set Realistic Goals
   • Start with small goals like exercising for 20-30 minutes daily.
   • Choose activities you enjoy, like walking, swimming, or dancing.
2. Incorporate Exercise into Daily Routine
   • Use stairs instead of elevators.
   • Walk or cycle for short-distance commutes.
   • Stretch during work breaks or engage in simple desk exercises.
3. Create a Structured Workout Plan
   • Include a mix of cardiovascular, strength, and flexibility exercises.
   • Join a gym, sports club, or fitness group for motivation.
4. Stay Consistent and Motivated
   • Track progress using fitness apps or journals.
   • Set reminders for workout sessions.
   • Reward yourself for achieving fitness milestones.
5. Make It Social and Fun
   • Exercise with family or friends to stay motivated.
   • Try different workouts to avoid boredom.
   • Listen to music or podcasts while exercising.

By incorporating these strategies, exercise becomes a natural and enjoyable part of daily life, leading to long-term health benefits.

Q. 9. Prepare a table as shown below showing communicable diseases, ways of it is transmission and its prevention and control.

Answer:-

Here is a structured table outlining various communicable diseases, their modes of transmission, and methods for prevention and control:

Communicable Disease	Mode of Transmission	Prevention and Control
Tuberculosis (TB)	Airborne transmission through droplets from infected individuals	Timely vaccination (BCG), wearing masks, proper ventilation, and regular medical check-ups
Influenza (Flu)	Airborne transmission through coughs, sneezes, and contact with contaminated surfaces	Annual vaccination, hand hygiene, avoiding close contact with infected people
HIV/AIDS	Blood, sexual contact, mother-to-child transmission	Safe sex practices, screening blood before transfusion, avoiding shared needles, and antiretroviral therapy
Malaria	Mosquito-borne transmission through bites from infected Anopheles mosquitoes	Use of mosquito nets, insect repellents, environmental control to eliminate mosquito breeding sites, and timely medical treatment
Dengue Fever	Mosquito-borne transmission via Aedes mosquitoes	Eliminating stagnant water, wearing protective clothing, and proper waste management
Cholera	Contaminated food and water	Safe drinking water, proper sanitation, handwashing, and vaccination in high-risk areas
Hepatitis B & C	Blood, unsterilized medical equipment, sexual contact	Vaccination (Hepatitis B), safe blood transfusion, use of sterilized needles, and proper hygiene practices
COVID-19	Airborne and direct contact with infected individuals	Vaccination, mask-wearing, hand hygiene, maintaining social distance, and early detection and treatment

This table provides a clear overview of how different communicable diseases spread and the essential steps to prevent and control them. Let me know if you need any modifications or additional details!